67 Am. U. L. Rev. 649 (2018)

*Professor of Law, and Director, Program for International Legal Studies, Wayne State University Law School.  J.D., New York University; B.A., Bates College.

**Miriam T. Rooney Professor of Law, Seton Hall University Law School.  J.S.D., Columbia University; J.D., New York University; M.A., McGill University; B.A., McGill University.

***Ph.D. Candidate, Political Science, University of Michigan; M.S., University of Oxford; B.A, Pomona College.

Our great appreciation goes to Loraine Sievers for her input and advice throughout the conceptualization and execution of this project.  Our thanks also goes to Bruce Hemmer for his assistance with the initial methodology of this Article.  We also thank the following for their exceptional research assistance:  Marrisa Mastroianni, Frank Ricigliani, Amy Cuzzolino, Ameya Pendse, Benjamin King, Zachary Deloy, Joanna Harr, Nhan Ho, Brendan Sawyer, Chelsea Everson, Monica Batsford and Krista Shaheen.  We benefited from feedback at meetings of the American Society of International Law’s International Organization Interest Group and Mid-Year Research Forum, the European Society of International Law International Organizations Interest Group, and at the Conference on the Role of International Organizations and Non-State Actors in the Formation of Customary International Law at Manchester University.  We also would like to express our thanks to NYU’s Center on International Cooperation for sponsoring a discussion on our findings with U.N. Diplomats and Legal Advisors at Security Council Report.  Finally, we would like to thank the following individuals for their feedback and comments:  Michael Doyle, Ian Johnstone, Anne Peters, Steven Hill, Mona Khalil, Christiane Ahlborn, Bart Smit Duijzenkunst, Sophia Dawkins, David Stewart, Yuval Shany, Laura Dickenson, Natalie Klein, Paul Williams, Sir Michael Wood, Omri Sender, Benton Heath, and Sean Murphy.